To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate Essay

To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate The Murders in the Rue Morgue in terms of the character and the creation of tension? Question: To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' in terms of the character and the creation of tension? This essay will explain, discuss and examine the effects of Edgar Allen Poe's 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' had on other authors writing detective stories during the 19th century. 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' was a new kind of story and Edgar Allen Poe had many authors imitate him. Take Arthur Conan Doyle's detective, Sherlock Holmes, for example. Holmes quickly became one of the most famous detectives of that time and his stories were, and still are, loved all around the world. But not forgetting all of the other detective writers of that time too. To an extent, most detective stories of the 19th century have copied the original aspects of Poe's 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue.' This essay will examine Poe's influence on his successors. 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' was one of the first detective stories ever written. Because of this, Edgar Allen Poe has set a trend for other detective writers to follow. Poe has used a number different of 'points' in his story to create suspense and tension, which can be found in other detective stories of that time. For example, in Dorothy L. Sayers writing about 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue', she writes that 'The story features a combination of three typical motifs. The wrongly suspected man . . . . the sealed death chamber and the solution by unexpected means.' These examples can all be found in most of Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Sherlock Holme... ...man who was murdered, Cadogen West, had taken the papers. In conclusion to this essay, we can see that throughout the stories that we have read, how often the writers have imitated Poe's original six points. We can see that the writers have imitated the classic six points quite well. Some of the stories might not contain all of the six points, but the points they do contain have all added to the creation of suspense and tension in the mind of the reader. All of the writers we have looked at, in one way or another, have all tried, and successfully incorporated the basic character of Dupin into their own. It is evident that the most successful story that we have read has to be 'The Problem of Dressing Room A.' It has included all of the classic six points that Sayers mentioned about 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' and the outrà © character of the detective.

Learning Theory and Behaviorism

Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundt’s Structuralism: †¢ Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry †¢ Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word †¢ Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. Cornell university listing 1000’s of elements of consciousness William James: †¢ James studied with Wundt, but rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James thought the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as any other adaptive function †¢ Therefore, proper study of the mind is to relate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive behavior. †¢ Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psych ology: †¢ James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike: †¢ In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwin’s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental in bringing about desired outcome †¢ Notion of stimulus-response (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov: In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva †¢ His work with dogs required gathering large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dog’s salivary gland and then simulating salvation with dried meat powder Unconditional†¦. †¢ Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimu lus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR).Needs no learning †¢ Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells are unconditional Psychic Reflex: †¢ Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were harnessed and before the meat powder †¢ Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex †¢ Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is known as â€Å"classical condition† or â€Å"glandular conditioning† Conditional†¦. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. †¢ The dog must perceive this connection. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to perception of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in meaning with respect to UCS.Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the occurrence of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning: †¢ Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response †¢ The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning: The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS & UCS) †¢ However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the next CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pai n-higher order conditioning. Historical context: †¢ The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators to study the processes of learning †¢ Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade.Concepts of ‘intelligence’ and IQ soon followed †¢ Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap between animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower †¢ Industrial revolution; post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take classless societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce.John B. Watson: 1878-1958 †¢ Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences †¢ Empirical, means of the senses of implying data used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for theories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotle’s immediate cause Behaviorists in control: †¢ Reshaping human society in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism: belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon †¢ Methodological behaviors: belief that observable objective measures of behavior are better over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning: †¢ Skinner says the probability of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and error is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms: †¢ Reinforcer: sequence o f stimulus-response consequence; makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response †¢ Operant or instrumental response: behavior which bring about the consequence †¢ Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that which changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement: Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response †¢ Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying †¢ Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus; all is good and you’ll do it again †¢ Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus; decreases probability of the response to that stimulus †¢ In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative reinforcerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce.Total package: negati ve reinforcement. Probability of an escape/avoidance response is increased and the 1st response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcer: †¢ Primary: natural; one that does not have to be learned.Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst †¢ Secondary: consequence whose value must be learned through experience; come through socialization and subsequent learning †¢ Primary positive reinforcer: satisfies a natural need (food if you’re hungry, water if thirsty) †¢ Primary negative reinforcer: causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) †¢ Secondary positive reinforcer: satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) †¢ Secondary negative reinforcer: socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined: A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. †¢ Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency: †¢ connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected †¢ extinction: when stimulus no longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears †¢ superstition: one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none †¢ helplessness: perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response †¢ fixed ratio: pattern is predictable †¢ variable ratio: pattern is random Resistance to extinction: †¢ skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction †¢ variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio †¢ fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional disorders A behavioral analysis of psychological & emotional disorders inc ludes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts). †¢ Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli & train appropriate responses. Behavioral analysis of a phobia †¢ Phobia = learned, â€Å"acquired fear† o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by exposure to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive compulsive disorder †¢ Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity †¢ Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition & success at keeping anxiety at bay. †¢ Compulsive behavior may originate in two ways: o 1.Person once praised for something & now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something & thus becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict †¢ The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses & consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, & anxiety. Dollard & miller list the following: †¢ An approach-approach conflict: where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli.The greater the emotional importance of the choice & the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict: o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a film to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to buy vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store †¢ An avoidance-avoidance conflict: where two mu tually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course †¢ An approach-avoidance conflict: where two aspects of the â€Å"same† stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the company of a friend, who also tends to get loud & obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety & conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in interpersonal relationships often forces a person to create a â€Å"safe-zone† in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the o ther. †¢ Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. â€Å"were just friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distance, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression †¢ Result of a generalized learned helplessness. †¢ Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort.Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses; pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder †¢ Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment †¢ Prior environment associated w/ punishmentSchizophrenia †¢ double bind theory of schizophrenia: child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one volatile, toxic parent. The child’s behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner †¢ wrote beyond freedom and dignity – we’re already living in a behavioral society.

Communication Is A Multi Channel Process - 1660 Words

I See What You Say In the academic paper â€Å"Communication Group Structure and Process†, Ray L. Birdwhistell states that â€Å"communication is a multi-channel process.† This implies that the auditory channel process is only part of the deal. Indeed, the importance of the various non-verbal channels is pointed out in Birdwhistell’s belief that â€Å"probably no more than 30 to 35% of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by words.† A few years earlier, in 1959, Edward T. Hall coined the term â€Å"the silent language† to describe nonverbal communication and direct significant attention toward the subject. The purpose of this paper is to examine the various types of nonverbal communication being displayed in the silent classic†¦show more content†¦It will be established that although arbitrary, ambiguous and abstract, nonverbal communication possesses undeniable importance and proves advantageous to those who know it (Scroggin) . Physical appearance Physical appearance – hair, make-up, and clothing – comes to create a meaningful whole (Scroggin). Large-framed, muscular Burrows dresses up in a hat, vest and pants to exaggerate his masculine prowess to an extreme and represent the aggressive macho. By contrast, gentle Cheng Huan seems in various ways feminine. His robe is elaborate and shapeless, the body underneath appears androgynous in form. Frail Lucy wears a dress to highlight her function as both housekeeper and daughter. Her hair is untidy, presumably a byproduct of her constant chores; she has no time to care for her physical looks. Proxemics Hall, in The Silent Language, uses the term proxemics to stand for the way people communicate by their use of space in relation to other people and the structuring and of their territory. Hall identifies four distances that distinguish the kinds of interactions people have and the relationships they share during them: intimate distance (up to 18 inches), personal distance (18 inches to 4 feet), social-consultative distance (4 to 12 feet) and public distance (above 12 feet). The need for physical space differs depending on the culture, situation, and intimacy of the relationship, and communicates nonverbal messages as signs of

How Many Zeros Are in a Million, Billion, and Trillion

Have ever wondered how many zeroes are in a million? A billion? A trillion? Do you know how many zeros there are in a vigintillion? Someday you may need to know this for science or math class. Then again, you might just want to impress a friend or teacher.   Numbers Bigger Than a Trillion The  digit zero  plays an important role as you count very large numbers. It helps track these multiples of 10 because the larger the number is, the more zeroes are needed. In the table below, the first column lists the name of the number, the second provides the number of zeros that follow the initial digit, and the third tells you how many groups of three zeros you would need to write out each number. Name Number of Zeros Groups of (3) Zeros Ten 1 (10) Hundred 2 (100) Thousand 3 1 (1,000) Ten thousand 4 (10,000) Hundred thousand 5 (100,000) Million 6 2 (1,000,000) Billion 9 3 (1,000,000,000) Trillion 12 4 (1,000,000,000,000) Quadrillion 15 5 Quintillion 18 6 Sextillion 21 7 Septillion 24 8 Octillion 27 9 Nonillion 30 10 Decillion 33 11 Undecillion 36 12 Duodecillion 39 13 Tredecillion 42 14 Quatttuor-decillion 45 15 Quindecillion 48 16 Sexdecillion 51 17 Septen-decillion 54 18 Octodecillion 57 19 Novemdecillion 60 20 Vigintillion 63 21 Centillion 303 101 All of Those Zeroes A table like the one above can certainly be helpful in listing the names of all of the numbers depending on how many zeros they have. But it can be really mind-boggling to see just what some of those numbers look like. Below is a listing—including all the zeros—for the numbers up to decillion—a little more than just half the numbers listed in the above table. Ten: 10 (1 zero)Hundred: 100 (2 zeros)Thousand: 1000 (3 zeros)Ten thousand 10,000 (4 zeros)Hundred thousand 100,000 (5 zeros)Million 1,000,000 (6 zeros)Billion 1,000,000,000 (9 zeros)Trillion 1,000,000,000,000 (12 zeros)Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 (15 zeros)Quintillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (18 zeros)Sextillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (21 zeros)Septillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (24 zeros)Octillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (27 zeros)Nonillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (30 zeros)Decillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (33 zeros) Zeros Grouped in Sets of 3 Reference to sets of zeros is reserved for groupings of three zeros, meaning they are not relevant for smaller numbers. We write numbers with commas separating sets of three zeros so that its easier to read and understand the value. For example, you write one million as 1,000,000 rather than 1000000. As another example, its much easier to remember that a trillion is written with four sets of three zeros than it is to count out 12 separate zeroes. While you might think that that one is pretty simple, just wait until you have to count 27 zeros for an octillion or 303 zeros for a centillion. It is then that you will be thankful that you only have to remember nine and 101 sets of zeros, respectively. Numbers With Very Large Numbers of Zeros The number googol (termed by  Milton Sirotta) has 100 zeros after it. Heres what a googol looks like, including all of its required zeros: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Do you think that number is big? How about the googolplex, which is a one followed by a googol of zeros. The googolplex is so large it doesnt have any meaningful use yet—it is larger than the number of atoms in the universe. Million and Billion: Some Differences In the United States—as well as around the world in science and finance—a billion is 1,000 million, which is written as a one followed by nine zeros. This is also called the short scale. There is also a long scale, which is used in France and was previously used in the United Kingdom, in which a billion means one million million. According to this definition of a billion, the number is written with a one followed by 12 zeros. The short scale and long scale were described by French mathematician Genevieve Guitel in 1975.

Adolf Hitler a Leadership Analysis Essay - 2261 Words

Adolf Hitler BSM Portfolio Assignment This paper demonstrates Hodges University’s learning outcome of leadership. Kevin J. Van Dyk – Third Wheel Hodges University MNA4360 Leadership for Managers Professor Ron Harbour Due: November 7, 2012 Graded by BSM Instructor: __________________________ Grade Awarded: __________________________________ Introduction For the past seventy years, Adolf Hitler has been known as one of the most evil men in history. The Fueherer, as he was known, exhumed hatred and violence in his pursuit of power. A vile man, driven by violence and a lust for power, eventually drove himself mad with his own idealistic vision of what a perfect world would be, and how he would achieve†¦show more content†¦SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is an evaluation a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Armstrong, 2010, p.77). A SWOT analysis is a useful tool in comparing a business, or in this case a character’s, traits to the situation and to other characters. A SWOT analysis for Adolf Hitler * Strengths * Passionate Speaker * Charismatic * Calculated * Gifted Actor and Politician * Weaknesses * Angry and full of rage * Defensive * Ego driven and selfish * He became convinced of his own infallibility (EGO) * Opportunities * Rose to power during a time of political unrest and indecisiveness in Germany * Master of surprise tactics: gauged the psychological effects * Threats * Anyone who interfered with his mission was an enemy of the people. * Intellectual and educated people. Hitler was a very passionate speaker that was incredibly adept to connecting to his audience in order to influence or persuade. The people he was speaking to would feel his passion. His charisma for speaking combined with the weak structure of Germany at the time made him influential beyond any other. He had the combined skills of an actor and a politician, â€Å"he could talk well and he had the actor’s gift of mimicry to amuse his companions. (Green, 2001, pg. 12), and everything he said and did had a calculatedShow MoreRelatedLeadership Is Not Changed Over The Course Of Time952 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of leadership has not changed over the course of time. Through a compare and contrast method of analysis, one can glean the common traits of a leader from Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Thomas More’s Utopia, and Queen Elizabeth’s speech to the Spanish Armada. Leadership can be defined as a person who is able to relate to their subjects, accept their responsibilities as a leader, and has a following of supportive people. In Queen Elizabeth’s speech to her troops at Tilbury, she evinces herRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 Pagespassengers as children ages 6 to 13. Boys to be exact. However hard to imagine, this scene is vividly brought to life in William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies. 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The Industrial Giant Known as America Free Essays

Many factors led to America having a tremendous rise in industry. The five points that made the most impact were technology, mass distribution and production, education, railroads, management ideas and structure, and immigrant labor. These five points not only improved the existing industry, but they revolutionized how the American industry would be run for the next generation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Industrial Giant Known as America or any similar topic only for you Order Now As with any change in an existing system, there were a few problems, the main problems where with workers so management just replaced them with machines. Many people weren†t ready to make the adjustment from small town arming to big city living but the benefits far out-weighed any unusual situations, so the people and the nation when along with it. In the 1850†³s and on, most Americans were wondering about the benefit of a society dominated by cities, factories, and masses of wage earners. Along with cities and factories, pollution, and unhygienic situations was rising as well. Industrializing of the nation was wanted by many people but on the other hand, many people did not want to see the nation industrialize. The United States, at this point, mostly an agricultural society, nd most of the people lived on farms or in small towns, and had lots of open space to live in. These caused a slowing of the United States transforming into a industrial nation. Depression set and there was unrest in the work force. This began to change in the 1870†³s when the Populist Party gained a strong foothold. In 1897, the economic depression finally came to an end. In 1910, the United States firming planted itself as the world†s Probably the most important feature aiding the nation†s growth was technology. Two major inventions during this period were the invention of the gasoline-powered, nternal combustion engine and harnessing of electric power. Harnessing electrical power opened many doors for technological advancements. The cheaper and cleaner electrical power allowed for longer working days and easier working day for the laborers. Metal-working went right hand in hand with electric generators and related equipment. In 1878 the first gas engine was patented. This was responsible for the first production of the Model-T, the nations first automobile made by Henry Ford. Millions of people bought the Model-T, and that in turn called for millions of pounds of steel ,glass, rubber, etroleum, and other materials viable materials to be produced. This called for millions of jobs in coal and iron-ore mining, oil refinery, steel making, rubber manufacturing, machine tooling, and service stations. These and many other jobs led to corporations and new jobs Management of business is the next issue. The number of managers grew, as elaborate corporate hierarchies deformed both the tasks and status of individual managers. Day to day operations were replaced by middle managers, who oversaw a single department in corporate headquarters. This rapid expansion within corporate managerial ranks created a new middle class. They were loyal to their employers, but were at odds with both the blue-color workers, and with the older middle class of shopkeepers. Also small businessmen, an independent craftsmen were not too happy with the idea of this also. With all of this happening, there was a growing need to ship goods, which in turn led to a major need for the railroads. The next factor that helped the industrial growth was immigrant labor. Immigrant labor constituted about 70% of all the labor in the twentieth century. Immigrants built the nation†s tunnels and railroads , mined iron ore, coal and other minerals. They stoked the hot steel furnaces on the trains and in steel factories also. In the railroad industry was where the immigrants really made their mark. Immigrants worked long hours because really they were all of the early work force so they built much of the early railroad and were in on most of its matinence. Domestic markets were growing at such a enormous rate, manufacturers had to improve on mass-production. To speed up production, they needed to lower the cost of ll shipped items. This often meant that most workers were replaced by machines. Aside from an occasional matinence the machines worked cheaply. Also, manufacturers often found that distribution systems need to be revamped. This led to specialized sale forces, and on-going customer service. Duke who started a regional sales offices, made it so that his saleman could keep in touch with local retailers. This helped manufacturers tap into what the public wanted in turn keeping sales high. Duke also started national advertising which was a huge success. Duke was the father of advertisers of early industry. Many factors helped contribute to the growth of the nation†s industry. The five emphasized are the main factors that contributed the most to improvements in the industry. The improvements not only changed not only in increased revenue, but also in the way people lived their daily lives. The adjustment from small town, rural living and farming to big city living and urbanization led to some conflict of ideas among early workers. Other conflict of interest in business also surfaced as everyone wanted the get there hand in the money. How to cite The Industrial Giant Known as America, Essay examples

Effectiveness of the Decision Support System-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the impact that the Decision Support System imparts on the performance. Answer: Introduction A Decision Support System (DSS) is interactive software that collects important raw data, organizes and analyses it such as to provide relevance to the decision makers such that their decision making capabilities are enhanced (Manzanares, 2014). It is meant to facilitate quality decision making by analyzing the business data. Thus, the decision support system poses impact on the decision made in an organization thus, affects the performance. Therefore it becomes a necessity to measure the perceived effectiveness of the decision support system, thereby, measuring the impact of the decision support system on the performance (Demirkan Delen, 2013). The paper highlights the effect of the decision support system by accessing the factors that serve to enhance the perceived effectiveness and the impact it imparts on the performance. The paper also states that according to various researches confirm that the success and failure of the information system depends entirely on the external envi ronment of the Information system. The research methodology used is simulation. A literature review is also provided and the finding as well as conclusion is also provided. Finally, the overall evaluation of the article regarding the effectiveness and credibility is also conducted. Introduction to the topic The article conducts a research on the perceived effectiveness of the Decision Support System. The article also focuses on the impact that the Decision Support System imparts on the performance. The Decision Support System is used immensely by the industries all around the world as they assist the decision makers by analyzing the raw business data and personal knowledge such as to solve various kinds of problems (Power, Sharda Burstein, 2015). Decision Support System is utilized to provide better decision such that the results obtained are more satisfactory. Moreover, the implementation of the decision support system leads to performance optimization (Keshtegar Vakili, 2018). The Decision Support System is computer based interactive software that store and analyzes the raw business data such that they would aid the decision makers of an organization to take decisions in such a manner that their performance is enhance and is optimized. The decision support system generally collects information regarding to the sales, revenue and the projections of sales of the new product (Accorsi, Manzini Maranesi, 2014). It also stores the information regarding the sales amount within selected time interval. Moreover, it also stores the inventory data and organizes it into relational database such that proper analysis of the data could be made. Literature review There exist numerous numbers of researchers that have researched on the Decision Support System and the Information system has implemented instruments that have the capability to measure the effectiveness of it different settings such as web based environment. Other study was made on group support system and the impact it lays on the performance. However, very few researches were made on the variables of the decision process such as the satisfaction, usefulness and the usage convenience (Jouini Dalla Pozz, 2014). Moreover, the past studies were more concerned and focused on the achievement of the goals and the process of attaining it rather than considering the decision variables impact on performance. The prime focus of the article is to bring to light the perceived effectiveness of the decision variables such as performance, satisfaction (Piltan Sowlati, 2016). It research is conducted to investigate on the factors the effectiveness of the Decision Support System. However, the re search does not evaluate the extent of the effectiveness of the decision variables on the performance and satisfaction. It only compares the decision variables with the complexity of the system. However, the usage of spreadsheet was seen by a few companies as it was more effective and offers various advantages as people are generally familiar with the Microsoft excel. Research Methodology The research methodology used was simulation to conduct the research. The simulation method allows the members to gain understanding of new things by performing it in a real world scenario such that the environment is authentic. Simulation aids the participants to acquire managerial skills, data identification skills as well as critical thinking skills. It also helps the participants to develop managerial skills through adoption of executive viewpoint by working in an authentic environment (Bharati Chaudhury, 2015). The research methodology incorporated 8 teams that were created without the consent of the researchers. The team operated in a real world marketing scenario. The methodology consisted of 8 runs of simulation with different groups of participating teams where the participants played six simulation periods comprising a year time. Furthermore, the companies were instructed to take certain decisions that would affect the current and upcoming operations. Each week after the simulation run the decisions were taken and email was sent to the instructor to feed the data in the computer program (Berner La Lande, 2016). On the basis of data the program analyzed the data and sent the output to the team, with the help of which the team would take vital decisions in the subsequent periods. However, the success parameter of the decision was measured by the performance of the system. Findings The results of the research were then obtained that validated some hypothesis and rejected some as they did not correspond to the effectiveness of the decision variables. Most of the companies adopted a Chief Information Officer (CIO). However, there were no reports of major modifications implemented and they implemented the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet as their system for the Decision support system. Different companies adopted different data analysis tools while only a few companies adopted the package provided. Moreover, the hypothesis considering the impact of familiarization with the system, its usefulness, personal use, user satisfaction, participation and the overall effectiveness of the system were also evaluated. The results of the research were as; the system is strongly dependent on the overall systems effectiveness regarding the success of the entire company and also meets the user expectations (Qrunfleh Tarafdar, 2014). However, the hypothesis of the usage of the system either by own or colleague, familiarity with the system as well as defining the system does not have any impact on the perceived effectiveness of the DSS. On the other hand, the performance of the company depends strongly on the user satisfaction, usefulness and DSS meeting its expectations (Shibl, Lawley Debuse, 2013). Moreover, satisfaction and enhancement in performance are directly proportional. The investment of a greater number of people does not guarantee increment in the performance. In consideration to the third hypothesis, that compared the performance with the complexity of the system, following results were obtained, the company with least complexity showed below average performance as the user satisfaction was low (Scott et al., 2015). The company with moderate complexity had the highest level of performance and thereby, the highest value of perceived effectiveness (Rasmussen, Standal Laumann, 2015). Moreover, the multifaceted system showed close relevance to the moderately complex system. The performance effectiveness and the complexity of the system represent an inverted U- shaped curve as complexity increases. Implication for management practices The article proposed various implications for the management practices. It clearly showed that user satisfaction is the main criteria for enhancement of the performance. It also started that the increased number of human resources does not necessarily guarantee the enhancement in performance (perka, 2015). The article helps the managers to take effective decisions such that the performance is enhanced and effective management of the information system is possible. Moreover, the proper analyzation of the data help gain profits to the organization as better decisions could be made through it. Overall evaluation of the article The article was based on the perceived effectiveness of decision support system and its impact on the performance of the organization. It also provides a clear understanding of the term Decision Support System and its advantages. The article was extremely efficient in discussing the variables of the decision support system. It also clearly described the simulation term with the procedure. The research methodology also provided the participants to learn by doing things in an authentic scenario which forced them to work with an executive outlook. Moreover, the literature review was properly conducted which proved that no previous research evaluated the impact of decision variables on the performance (Yu, Duan Cao, 2013). The hypothesis was properly analyzed according to the results obtained. The article effectively analyzed the hypothesis and provided the results accordingly. Moreover, the paper clearly mentions that simulation is highly complex thus, cannot totally engross all the va ried aspects of Information System. Moreover, the authentic environment involved reports that were self made and uncertainty lies as to whether the same would reflect in the real world scenario. Conclusion Thus, with the above discussion it can be concluded that there are various decision variables that poses significant impact on the performance of the organization. There are various decision variables such as usefulness and user satisfaction that leads to the increment in performance of the organization. The research conducted provided results that were compared with the hypothesis and a strong dependency was found in the moderate complex system and the enhancement of the performance. References Accorsi, R., Manzini, R., Maranesi, F. (2014). A decision-support system for the design and management of warehousing systems.Computers in Industry,65(1), 175-186. Berner, E. 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(2014).Factors influencing the selection of Decision Support Systems for emergency management: An analysis of empirical use and user preferences(Doctoral dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute). Piltan, M., Sowlati, T. (2016). A multi-criteria decision support model for evaluating the performance of partnerships.Expert Systems with Applications,45, 373-384. Power, D. J., Sharda, R., Burstein, F. (2015).Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Qrunfleh, S., Tarafdar, M. (2014). Supply chain information systems strategy: Impacts on supply chain performance and firm performance.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 340-350. Rasmussen, M., Standal, M. I., Laumann, K. (2015). Task complexity as a performance shaping factor: a review and recommendations in standardized plant analysis risk-human reliability analysis (SPAR-H) adaption.Safety science,76, 228-238. Scott, J., Ho, W., Dey, P. K., Talluri, S. (2015). A decision support system for supplier selection and order allocation in stochastic, multi-stakeholder and multi-criteria environments.International Journal of Production Economics,166, 226-237. Shibl, R., Lawley, M., Debuse, J. (2013). Factors influencing decision support system acceptance.Decision Support Systems,54(2), 953-961. perka, R. (2015). BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR ENHANCING COMPANIESKEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: EDUCATION APPROACH. Yu, Y., Duan, W., Cao, Q. (2013). The impact of social and conventional media on firm equity value: A sentiment analysis approach.Decision Support Systems,55(4), 919-926.