Situated Learning and Social Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arranged Learning and Social Learning - Essay Example He understands that learning is progressively powerful when done in a gathering, particularly when the student gets hand-on understanding. In the study hall, the understudy is made to learn unique things which he may not identify with reality. . The understudy is given cool, unacceptable realities bundled in gleaming books, delightful homerooms and logical standards. The outcome is, the understudy no longer appreciates the verse he peruses nor does any esteem taking in occur from different classes he joins in, with the exception of dry language and clichs. Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, in their book, Arranged Learning : Legitimate Peripheral Participation, put forth a solid defense for Situated learning with its accentuation on the logical setting and .social connection. While individuals learn things effectively and quicker under the states of authentic fringe cooperation (LPP), it has some significant downsides, for example, the model applying inconspicuous impact on the students, so they adapt socially inadmissible conduct like hostility . As indicated by Lave and Wenger. Genuine fringe interest (LPP) happens when the student starts to move from the outskirts of the network to its inside. Social communication is of vital significance in arranged learning, with students getting engaged with network practice. Arranged picking up, as per the creators, is for the most part unexpected, instead of purposeful learning. We see instances of arranged learning on account of pre-schoolers, who figure out how to present nursery rhymes or recount stories, seeing their companions do likewise .Situated learning happens when a guest to a nation learns its language totally by interfacing with the nearby individuals. Arranged learning has different advocates, for example, Brown, Collins and Duguid (1989) who propose the possibility of subjective apprenticeship. As indicated by Schoenfeld, scientific critical thinking is likewise a type of arranged learning. As all arithmetic educators know, when the understudies are urged to consider science is regular day to day existence setting, they learn better and the numerical issues are comprehended quicker. Kids appear to comprehend science better when they relate it to genuine circumstances and tackle it in a group.(Schoenfeld) A prerequisite of arranged learning is that information ought to be introduced in circumstances where the information would apply. For example, in an exercise on contact in material science, the student would comprehend the idea better when the person in question is made to encounter the grating between a nut and screw when they are not oiled, and when they are oiled. An understudy medical caretaker would figure out how to lift the patient better by doing it in the clinic than by finding out about it in the study hall. Correspondingly, a disciple technician figures out how to fix your vehicle by hands on experience A guest in France would rapidly learn French just as the run of the mill motions of the French individuals. Arranged learning happens when a youngster learns its primary language without any problem. A similar kid thinks that its hard to get familiar with an unknown dialect at school . As per William P. Hanks, arranged learning takes as its center the connection among learning and the social circumstance in which it

Threats To Our Ocean Fisheries Essays - Fisheries,

Dangers To Our Ocean Fisheries Dangers to Our Ocean Fisheries The vast majority know about the issues of the blue whale, endeavors to spare imperiled ocean turtles, and the numerous awful stories of dolphins kicking the bucket in fish nets. Numerous individuals don't understand the outrageous risk that fish and numerous other fish face. There is a disturbing decrease in fish populaces, and this represents a perilous danger to life in the sea. In the event that fish decay, so does the ocean, into and flimsy condition. Preservation measures, and open help for them are seriously required. For quite a long time man has removed fish from the ocean, appearing to accept that there is an interminable flexibly, and that this gracefully can't be decimated. We remove these fish from the ocean quicker than they can be supplanted. As indicated by National Marine Fisheries administrations, 90 fish species found off the shores of the U. S. have been exhausted. A lot more are in peril off being slaughtered off. Fish what's more, shell fish that are at peril include: cod, struggle, swordfish, bluefin fish, blue marlin, Atlantic lobster, red snapper, salmon and a few types of shark. These are only a couple and the list gets longer consistently. The main issue of the fish numbers being at an unsurpassed low, is over angling. However another ecological issue brought about by mankind. Present day, mechanically progressed angling armadas have the ability to push most fish populaces to the verge of eradication. Present day angling armadas have huge processing plant steam trawlers that can undoubtedly pull in net heaps of up to 100 measurement huge amounts of fish. These vessels can work angling justification for a long time at once. Reverberation sounding has been valuable to angler by finding and deciding the species and size of fish shores. Planes and helicopters are even used to distinguish the surface fish. A few species, for example, squid are pulled in with solid lights and afterward sucked into the boat with incredible vacuum siphons. Due to these improved innovations more fish can be collected, yet around one-fourth of the worldwide catch, ( more than 20 million tons of fish and other marine creatures) are disposed of yearly by angler. A portion of these armadas discard more fish than they keep. This waste is an issue in pretty much every fishery. The danger of over angling is expanded be the danger of huge scope changes to marine environments. Most salt water fish invest the vast majority of their energy close to waterfront regions, yet the issue is that these beach front waters are being ambushed by contamination and improvement. Without sound, working beach front frameworks, fish can't develop or repeat, they just can't and won't endure. There are various advances that can be taken so as to ration our waters and the fish in them. One major thing we can do is take action against the organizations and the individuals that are hurting the earth. We could have harsher disciplines for those carrying out wrongdoings against our seas, and the sea natural life. Something else that could eliminate over angling is to fine organizations that over fish a huge sums and utilize that cash to return to our waters. On the off chance that something isn't done about the issues of over angling and water contamination, lasting changes will happen in the sea natural way of life. The predator-prey connections of the sea will stop to exist. These connections, which took a great many years to advance, will be pulverized. The draining fish populaces will change and harm the hereditary and species assorted variety of the sea world. On the off chance that we could comprehend the importance of balance, maybe over angling would not be an issue that our condition would need to persevere. Book index none availible Ecological Issues

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 26th, 2017

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Operations Management - Dabur at a Glance - 2845 Words

Submitted by: Group 9 Shobhit Agrawal Soham Badheka Ankit Mundhra Jitendra Sachdev Prashant Singh Anusha Venkateswaran F006 F010 F035 F045 F054 F058 Operations Management: Dabur at a Glance Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence. Vince Lombar About Dabur Dabur India Limited is the fourth largest FMCG Company in India with Revenues of over US$1 Billion (Rs 5,283 Crore) and Market Capitalization of US$4 Billion (Rs 20,000 Crore). Building on a legacy of quality and experience of over 127 years, Dabur is today India’s most trusted name and the world’s largest Ayurvedic and Natural Health Care Company. Dabur today operates in key consumer products categories like Hair Care, Oral Care, Health Care,†¦show more content†¦Dabur today has manufacturing plants in 12 locations, Baddi (Himachal Pradesh), Pantnagar (Uttaranchal), Sahibabad (Uttar Pradesh), Jammu, Silvassa, Nasik, Alwar, Katni, Narendrapur, Pithampur, Newai (Rajasthan) and Siliguri (West Bengal). During 2011-12 the company added a Honey plant in Baddi. Another unit has been established in Baddi and commissioned in March 2012 to manufacture Chyawanprash, Toothpaste, Glucose and Odonil. A Greenfield manufacturing facility is being set up near Dhaka to suppleme nt the capacity and meet future requirements. Dabur is setting up a fruit juice facility in Sri Lanka as an export oriented unit. This facility will be utilized for meeting requirements of the Indian market as well as local sales in Sri Lanka. Dabur has received the OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001 certification for its units in Baddi, besides plants in Jammu, Newai and Alwar. This certification has been done by the external accreditation body TUV NORD. This standard is the foundation of overall health, safety and environment framework of Dabur. With this, eight of its manufacturing units have now been certified under this standard. Various energy conservation techniques have been initiated and successfully implemented across all manufacturing units. Initiatives were also taken towards new product and pack introductions, improve safety awareness and quality improvement. Several existing units were upgraded and manufacturing capacity added forShow MoreRelatedOperations Management - Dabur at a Glance2836 Words   |  12 PagesAnusha Venkateswaran F006 F010 F035 F045 F054 F058 Operations Management: Dabur at a Glance Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence. Vince Lombar About Dabur Dabur India Limited is the fourth largest FMCG Company in India with Revenues of over US$1 Billion (Rs 5,283 Crore) and Market Capitalization of US$4 Billion (Rs 20,000 Crore). Building on a legacy of quality and experience of over 127 years, Dabur is today India’s most trusted name and the world’sRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Dabur Vatika Hair Oil and Dabur Chyawanprash15871 Words   |  64 Pages1. INTRODUCTION [pic] Dabur India Limited is a leading Indian consumer goods company with interests in Hair Care, Oral Care, Health Care, Skin Care, Home Care and Foods. From its humble beginnings in the bylanes of Calcutta way back in 1884 as an Ayurvedic medicines company, Dabur India Ltd has come a long way today to become a leading consumer products manufacturer in India. For the past 125 years, we have been dedicated to providing nature-based solutions for a healthyRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagescontext that involves a growing level of complexity. The remaining reasons reflect internal pressures that inhibit brand building. The fifth reason, the temptation to change a sound brand strategy, is particularly insidious because it is the management equivalent of shooting yourself in the foot. The sixth and seventh reasons, the organizational bias against innovation and the pressure to invest elsewhere, are special problems facing strong brands. They can be caused by arrogance but are more

Challenging The Legal Drinking Age - 1689 Words

Mackenzie Schultz Mrs. Hamilton AP English Language 25 July 2014 Challenging the Legal Drinking Age The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) has been challenged since the passing of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 that raised the drinking age to twenty-one in all fifty states (Ogilvie). Advocates for lowering the MLDA to eighteen years of age argue that this change will eliminate the thrill of breaking the law for young adults entering college and boost the national economy. Supporters continue to ask legislature what the true meaning of â€Å"adulthood† is if an eighteen year old can serve in the armed forces and vote, but cannot drink alcohol (Lowering the Legal Drinking Age: An Analysis of the Pros and Cons). Those against the alteration, a majority of Americans, argue that twenty-one year olds are medically mature and more responsible, therefore reducing the amount of fatal traffic accidents (Minimum Legal Drinking Age). Lowering the legal drinking age would eliminate the â€Å"forbidden fruit† theory, in which teenage rs are more compelled to engage in underage drinking because of the thrill that arises when breaking the law (Lowering the Legal Drinking Age: An Analysis of the Pros and Cons). Accompanying this thrill is also the fear of getting caught underage drinking. This fear is a reason for teens to hide that they have been drinking, pressuring them to drive home under the influence, and makes them fearful to seek medical attention when alcohol related injuriesShow MoreRelated Alcohol and Drinking - Challenging the Legal Drinking Age Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesChallenging the Legal Drinking Age         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do the current laws involving the age at which adults can start drinking really make sense? There are many reasons why the government changed the legal drinking age to 21, but has this actually caused a decrease in the amount of alcohol consumed by persons between 18 and 21? Alcohol related crime and traffic accidents have gone down in recent years, but the source of this drop may not simply have to do with raising the drinking age, as the governmentRead MoreThe Debate Over A Proper Legal Drinking Age1243 Words   |  5 Pagesover a proper legal drinking age has been ongoing for decades. Some people believe twenty-one is the right age for legally consuming alcohol, while others believe twenty-one is too old. There are many supporters of an age limit of eighteen on alcohol consumption, but it has not been enough to sway Congress away from their set age of twenty-one. One major advocate for the age of twenty-one is the organization MADD, or â€Å"Mothers A gainst Drunk Driving†. This organization supports the age of twenty-oneRead MoreThe Problem Of Driving Under The United States1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nations most committed crime up to date, back in the 80’s people started supporting ways to fight drinking and driving, and were willing to give up some â€Å"freedom† to have stricter legal deeds. The people took this movement into a legislative sector. Somewhere between the 1981 and 1987 about 934 laws were passed by state legislatures having to do with the drinking and driving epidemic. Legal measures concentrate on preventing these drunk drivers by enforcing stricter laws and finding ways theyRead MoreTeen Alcoholism Is Driven By Example1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdriven by example. a teen sees someone else drinking, for whatever reason, and they imitate them to either save he or she’s pride and be â€Å"cool† or use is as e remedy to try to feel better about a situation they are in or to num b an unpleasant emotion they do not know how to deal with. affects the physical state of a young person, but also one’s current situations and relationships, and the outcome of he or she’s futures. â€Å"People who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to developRead MoreEssay on Drunk Driving as a Social Issue1693 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequently committed violent crime, and in the 1980’s the public supported a wider range of non-criminal countermeasures, as well as stricter legal measures, to govern DUI’s. This movement against drunk driving was well reflected in the legislative arena. Between 1981 and 1987 some 934 new laws dealing with drunk driving were passed by state legislatures. Legal measures focus on deterring drunken drivers by providing stricter laws and punishment. Non-criminal countermeasures are concerned with reformRead MoreHow The Cage Can Be Treated For Adults And Adolescents Over The Age Of 16 ( Aertgeerts )874 Words   |  4 Pages This screening apparatus is simply administered and scored and can often times be committed to memory. The CAGE can be used in general medical populations in a primary care setting and be adm inistered at no cost to adults and adolescents over the age of 16 (Aertgeerts, et al., 2004). It has been distinguished that the CAGE takes less than one minute to manage and score. However, it does not screen for drug-related difficulties (Aertgeerts, et al., 2004). The CAGE has been used inRead MoreKeeping A Diary Doubles Diet Weight Loss980 Words   |  4 Pagesopposite sex appear more attractive may have been affected by a number of factors, which make the conclusion invalid. First, allocation of participants to either placebo or the alcohol-taking group was not randomly done. There are possibilities of age difference could have affected the results obtained: a scenario described as selection-maturation interaction. The control group could have realized they were being lied to ; thus, resulting in a resentful demoralization. The sample could also be awareRead MoreComing Of Age Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesolder and turns into a young adult is often referred as â€Å"Coming Of Age.† Although, coming of age is an important twist in other people’s life where they tend to run into challenging courses into becoming better adults. This essay will talk more about what a person have to go through while they are coming of age which include challenges, choices and responsibility. First, going through challenges. When a person is coming of age, they’ll have to face challenges once they process into an adult. ChallengesRead MorePros And Cons Of Lowering The Drinking Age1822 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough not always the case, the legal drinking age in the United States is 21 years old. However, the minimum legal drinking age drastically varies across the rest of the globe, with some countries allowing legal alcohol consumption before individuals have even turned 18 years old. Since the legal drinking age was changed to 21 years, it has been a controversial issue in the United States. For decades, there have been debates on the pros and cons of lowering the legal age. In fact, there have even beenRead MoreThe Diagnosis Of Addiction Clients1576 Words   |  7 PagesGolden Age: 38 Date of Examination: August 18, 2015 Ethnicity: Caucasian Gender: Male Presenting Problem: Mr. Thomas is a married 38 year old Caucasian suffering from Alcohol Use Disorder. Although married, he and his wife constantly argues about his drinking, and she has even stopped sleeping with him when he drinks. He was recently arrested for drinking and driving (DUI/DWI), and was advised by his attorney to quit drinking and

Overcoming Adversity Free Essays

Overcoming adversity means overcoming a hard time or circumstance and moving forward in a positive way. The novel, Parvana’s Journey was written by Deborah Ellis and published in 2002 and the film, Rabbit Proof Fence was directed by Phillip Noyce and released in 2002. Parvana’s Journey is fiction yet based in reality and it’s about a young Afghani girl who walks across war torn Afghanistan searching for her family. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcoming Adversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rabbit Proof Fence is non-fiction and it’s about three young half caste girls who escaped from a settlement camp and walk over 2000km to go back to their home. In both texts, children face many adversities but they overcome adversities through determination and the sheer will to survive to meet their family. Parvana’s Journey, is set at war time in Afghanistan where a group of children wander through the country trying to survive the horror of their situation and they overcome huge difficulties to reach the end of their journey. The war in Afghanistan is between Taliban and U. S. A and this war affects civilians and children . Afghan people live with the fear of death and there is not enough food and other necessaries that they need. Children can’t go to school during the war so they can’t be educated and the Taliban is constantly on the search for boys to make them fight for the Taliban. Parvana’s Journey focuses on the protagonist, and her search for her family. In her quest for shelter and food as she makes her way across the Afghan countryside, she meets other children who are displaced due to war. Parvana continues her trip with three others; Asif Hassan and Leila. Parvana is very clever but still a child. Asif is a legless boy, he is very cruel to Parvana because he doesn’t know how to treat a girl. Leila is a naive girl Parvana comes across who scavenges food from a mine field. In this story, the children face lots of adversities during their journey. In the novel, Parvana faces many difficult situations; she is almost sold to the Taliban(P. 20 â€Å"I heard the old men talking. They are going to turn you over to the Taliban†), they also struggle to find food to eat (P. 156 she bit into the page, tearing a chunk off with her teeth) and water to drink. (P. 152 the water was muddy, but that didn’t matter) Furthermore, there is always the possibility of being hit by a bomb. P. 167 he planes were bombing in the daytime now, as well as at night) Rabbit Proof Fence is an Australian film about a young half caste girl who leads her younger sister and cousin in an escape from a settlement camp which endeavours to train them as domestic workers and educate them. They walk over 2000km to go back to their home. They can’t speak their own language in the settlement camp . They also struggle to find food to eat and water to drink. Furthermore, there is always the possibility of being caught by tracker. These girls are part of the Stolen Generations. The Stolen Generation is a dark part of Australian history. Half caste children, (most under the age of 18) were taken from their families because the government believed that the children would be better if raised by white families. Because of this policy, aborigines lost their culture, language, spirituality and self- esteem. In this film, there are three aboriginal protagonists, Molly, Daisy and Gracie. Molly is a mature girl who is very clever and has the leadership skills to lead her sister and cousin. Graice is a naive girl, she believes other people very easily and doesn’t want to do difficult tasks. Daisy is just a young girl and does whatever Molly says. You haven’t developed your ideas – what adversities do they face? What are the difficulties? Use quotes Bo, check your notes Both texts are about overcoming adversity but quite different in their subject matter, time and place. There are some similarities between Parvana’s Journey and Rabbit Proof Fence. In both stories, children determined to survive to see their family. In Rabbit Proof Fence, an adult tricks Daisy and she gets caught by the police In Parvana’s Journey, an adult tries to sell Parvana to the Taliban to get money. Both stories’ protagonists have no food, water and nowhere to sleep during the journey. Some differences between the texts are, In Parvana’s Journey the children are threatened by bombs; however, , in Rabbit Proof Fence the children are threatened by capture by police. Parvana’s Journey is fictitious but based on reality. Rabbit Proof Fence is a true story. Both stories happened in different time and place. In the film, Rabbit Proof Fence, the children choose to run away from the settlement camp but in Parvana’s Journey the children have no choice. In conclusion, the main characters in both Rabbit Proof Fence and Parvana’s Journey face lots of adversities however they don’t give up, they overcome the adversities and achieve their goals. Facing adversity might be initially difficult but when people overcome them, they are ofent stronger than previously. If you know yourself and your enemy, you win hundred battles out of 100 a hundred. How to cite Overcoming Adversity, Papers

Rice And Genetic Engineering Essays (1860 words) - Rice,

Rice And Genetic Engineering Rice is the main food for about one-third to one-half of the world's population. A mature rice plant is usually two to six feet tall. In the beginning, one shoot appears. It is followed by one, two, or more offshoots developing. There are at least five or six hollow joints for each stalk, and a leaf for each joint. The leaf of the rice plant is long, pointed, flat, and stiff. The highest join of the rice plant is called the panicle. The rice grains develop from the panicles. (Jodon, 300) Rice is classified in the grass family Gramineae. Its genus is Oryza and species O. sativa. It is commonly cultivated for food in Asia. Some varieties of rice include red rice, glutinous rice, and wild rice. (Jodon, 303) The kernel within the grain contains most of the vitamins and minerals (298). The kernel contains thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin (299). Rice has many enemies that destroy a majority of the rice crops. The larvae of moth, stem borers, live in the stems of the rice plants. Some insects suck the plant juices or chew the leaves. Birds, such as bobolink, Java sparrow, or paddybird, would eat the seeds or grains. Disease causing factors such as fungi, roundworms, viruses, and bacteria also destroy the rice plants. Blast disease is caused by fungi which causes the panicles containing the grains to break. (Jodon, 300) There are various types of rice grown all over the world. A majority of rice grown is cultivated rice. When rice is grown with water standing on the fields, it is called lowland, wet, or irrigated rice. Rice plants grown in certain parts of Asia, South America, and Africa are called upland, hill, or dry rice because they are raised on elevated lands that cannot be flooded, but with plentiful rainfall. Wild rice is grown along lake shores of Canada and the Great Lakes. It is usually eaten by people in India. Scented rice is the most expensive because is has long grains and tastes like popcorn when cooked. Glutinous rice is waxy rice consumed by Asians. It is cooked to a sticky paste and is used for cakes and confections. (Jodon, 299) Rice was thought to have originated in southeast Asia when Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 B. C(Jodon, 303). Further research revealed that rice was cultivated around or at the Yangtze River in China, around 4000 to 11,500 years ago. One archaeologist, Toyama, surveyed data on 125 samples of rice grains, plant remains, husks, and other factors from numerous sites along the length of the Yangtze River. He reported that the oldest samples. . . are clustered along the middle Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan provinces. Samples from the upper and lower portions of the Yangtze River were found to be younger, around 4,000 to 10,000 years old. This pattern. . .suggests that rice cultivation originated in the middle Yangtze and spread from there. Archaeologists see more than a decade of excavation of the Yangtze River and nearby sites to confirm that the Yangtze River is where rice was first cultivated. (Normille, 309) The Greeks learned of rice when Alexander the Great invaded India around 326 B. C. Spain was introduced to rice when it was conquered by the Moors during the 700's A.D. Spain then introduced rice to Italy, around the 1400's. The Spanish also introduced rice to the West Indies and South America, around the 1600's. Rice was introduced to the United States when a Madagascar ship docked in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. The ship captain presented the governor with a sack of seed rice. It was then grown in states south of the Ohio River and east of Mississippi. (Jodon, 303) Rice is usually grown in lowland fields divided by dirt walls (Jodon, 300) A majority of the rice crops are grown with water standing on the fields (Jodon, 299). On level land, these paddies and dirt walls are built in wavy or straight lines. On hill-like land, they follow the slopes and form paddies that rise like steps. The dirt walls are used to hold in water for the fields. (300) Cultivation of the rice plant requires controlling the water supply

Essay on Post Child Labor

Essay on Post Child Labor Essay on Post Child Labor Essay on Post Child LaborThe child labor is absolutely unacceptable in the contemporary world but this trend still persists because companies pursue maximum profits and neglect basic human rights of the least protected group, i.e. children. Today, many companies from developed countries move their production to under-developed nations, where they pay little attention to whether human rights of employees are respected or not. Companies operating in under-developed countries, in their turn, look for the cheapest labor force. As a result, they employ children, whose rights they may fully neglect and force them to work for next to nothing. Children will not be able to confront their employer in any way, while they are much cheaper employee than adults. However, the employment of children leads to the violation of their basic rights granted by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international treaties. As a rule, workplace safety is totally ignore, while, in many instan ces, children are just unaware of the workplace safety and they just do not know how to work safely. Instead, they just perform tasks that are told to by their manager or supervisor. As a result, the neglect of child rights and the severe exploitation of child labor lead not only to the violation of child rights but also to injuries and considerable health problems. Moreover, the use of child labor has a destructive impact on the local economy and labor market as well as international ones because adult employees in under-developed as well as developed countries lose their jobs which are performed by children. As a result, unemployed workers lose opportunities to earn for living that may trigger emerging crime rates and other social and economic problems. Hence, the child labor should be banned.

Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand

Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (sometimes called simply Cross Elasticity of Demand) is an expression of the degree to which the demand for one product lets call this Product A changes when the price of Product B changes. Stated in the abstract, this might seem a little difficult to grasp, but an example or two  makes the concept clear its not difficult.   Examples of Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Assume for a moment youve been lucky enough to get in on the ground floor of the Greek Yogurt craze. Your Greek yogurt product B, is immensely popular, allowing you to increase the single cup price from around $0.90 a cup to $1.50 a cup. Now, in fact, you may continue to do well, but at least some persons will revert back to the good old non-Greek yogurt (Product A) at the $.090/cup price. By changing the price of Product B youve increased the demand for Product A, even though theyre not highly similar products. In fact, they can be quite similar or quite different the essential point is that there will often be some correlation, strong, weak or even negative between the demand for one product when the price of another one changes. At other times, there may be no correlation. Substitute Goods The aspirin example shows what happens to the demand for good B when the price of good A increases. Manufacturer As price has increased, demand for its aspirin product (for which there are many substitute goods)  decreases. Since aspirin is so widely available, there probably wont be a great increase in each of these many other brands; however, in instances where there are only a few substitutes, or perhaps only one, the demand increase may be marked. Gasoline vs. electric automobiles is an interesting instance of this. In practice, there really are only a few automobile alternatives: gasoline automobiles, diesel, and electrics. Gasoline and diesel  prices, as youll remember, have been extremely volatile since the late 1980s. As U.S. gasoline prices reached $5/gallon in some West Coast cities, the demand for electric cars increased. However, since 2014 gasoline prices have fallen. With that, demand for electrics fell with them, putting automobile manufacturers in a peculiar bind. They needed to sell electrics to keep their fleet mileage averages down, but consumers began buying gasoline trucks and larger gasoline autos again. This forced manufacturers Fiat/Dodge  is a case in point to lower the price of electrics below their actual production cost in order to keep selling gasoline-powered trucks and muscle cars without triggering a federal government penalty.   Complimentary Goods A local Seattle band has a breakthrough hit millions and millions of streams, many, many downloads and a  hundred thousand albums sold, all in a few weeks. The band begins touring and in response to demand, ticket prices begin climbing. But now something interesting happens: as the ticket prices increase, the audience becomes smaller no problem so far because whats happening essentially is that the band is playing smaller venues but at greatly increased ticket prices still a win. But then, the bands management sees a problem. As the audience grows smaller, so do the sales of all those high mark-up collectibles band T-shirts, coffee mugs, photo albums and so on: the  merch. Our Seattle band has more than doubled the ticket price at $60.00 and is still selling about half as many tickets at each venue.  So far so good: 500 tickets times $60.00 is more money than 1,000 tickets times $25.00. However, the band had enjoyed robust merch sales averaging $35 a head. Now the equation looks a little different: 500 tix x $(60.00 $35.00) is less than 1,000 tix x ($25.0035). The drop in ticket sales at a higher price created a proportionate drop in merch sales. The two products are complementary. As the price increases for band tickets, the demand for band merch drops.   The Formula You can calculate the Cross Price Elasticity of Demand (CPoD) as follows: CPEoD (% Change in Quantity Demand for Good A)  Ãƒ · (% Change in Price for Good A)

The Scramble and Acquisition of African Colonies Essay

The Scramble and Acquisition of African Colonies - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the European countries that colonized Africa were Italy, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Spain. Their colonization of Africa was because of power struggles and competition for supremacy in Europe. The scramble was a rapid colonization of the African continent after the European powers acquired colonies in 1880-1900. The scramble was pushed by the economic, social, and political evolution that Europe was going through. It developed in the nineteenth century due to the collapse of the slave profitability, abolition,  and the European expansion. During the late nineteenth century, European countries like Britain were suffering growth deficit in its balance of trade. The imperatives of capitalist development spurred the European scramble. Thus, the goal of European intrusion was economically driven. Their objective was to find assured sources of raw materials, guaranteed markets, and profitable investment outlets. Their countries had limited resources and also highly populated. They dispersed themselves to the African continent to scramble and acquire colonies. During their trade with Africans, they realized that the continent was endowed with various minerals. Imperialism was also induced by the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe. Africa had cotton, tea, rubber, diamonds, palm oil, copper,  and cocoa. The European consumers had grown accustomed to the products of the raw materials. The European industry as well had grown to depend on the raw materials from the continent of Africa. The European powers’ was another major factor for scrambling to acquire the African colonies. The population in Europe had grown so much, and it could no longer support the population. To manage a struggle for power amongst its people, they had to acquire new territories. As a result, some of its citizens were shipped to Africa to start an empire of their own. They also scrambled to acquire the African colonies, so that they could be able to achieve the aspect of â€Å"balance of power.† The colonies were viewed as tools of negotiation, useful as items of exchange at periods of international bargains. They also regarded colonies with the large native population as a source of military power during the colonial wars.

Behavior and Communication Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Behavior and Communication Paper - Essay Example The various awards and accolades received by the corporation attested to the exemplary commitment of the Starbucks to nurture the human spirit through the exemplary products being offered, as well as through serving the interests of its stakeholders. The types of communication that Starbucks uses for internal purposes include inter-office communication modes such as email, social networking sites (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, My Starbucks Idea), and through phone. Likewise, for external communication, its official website disseminates contact numbers through the ‘contact us’ portal where email, mail, phone, and customer service links are provided. Since the culture of the organization focuses on inclusion and diversity, as well as commitment to nurturing the human spirit, their types and modes of communication are consistent with the organization’s culture. Through open lines of communication in various modes and medium, Starbucks has signified a proactive and determined stance to generate inputs, comments, suggestions, and inquiries from its varied stakeholders (employees, customers, investors, shareholders, management, suppliers, and community members). Concurrently, their pronounced commitment for social and corporate responsibility also attests to the dedication to their organizational culture, as well as the values of diversity and inclusion being promoted. The information being made available to the public through their official website conforms to their commitment to the organization’s culture through signifying that all facets of operations, as well as the strategies designed to achieve their mission, vi sion, and goals are explicitly communicated to their stakeholders. The espoused values of taking extra care of their products, partners, employees, the environment, and the community, definitely align with the enacted

To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate Essay

To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate The Murders in the Rue Morgue in terms of the character and the creation of tension? Question: To what extent do the detective fiction stories looked at imitate 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' in terms of the character and the creation of tension? This essay will explain, discuss and examine the effects of Edgar Allen Poe's 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' had on other authors writing detective stories during the 19th century. 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' was a new kind of story and Edgar Allen Poe had many authors imitate him. Take Arthur Conan Doyle's detective, Sherlock Holmes, for example. Holmes quickly became one of the most famous detectives of that time and his stories were, and still are, loved all around the world. But not forgetting all of the other detective writers of that time too. To an extent, most detective stories of the 19th century have copied the original aspects of Poe's 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue.' This essay will examine Poe's influence on his successors. 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' was one of the first detective stories ever written. Because of this, Edgar Allen Poe has set a trend for other detective writers to follow. Poe has used a number different of 'points' in his story to create suspense and tension, which can be found in other detective stories of that time. For example, in Dorothy L. Sayers writing about 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue', she writes that 'The story features a combination of three typical motifs. The wrongly suspected man . . . . the sealed death chamber and the solution by unexpected means.' These examples can all be found in most of Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Sherlock Holme... ...man who was murdered, Cadogen West, had taken the papers. In conclusion to this essay, we can see that throughout the stories that we have read, how often the writers have imitated Poe's original six points. We can see that the writers have imitated the classic six points quite well. Some of the stories might not contain all of the six points, but the points they do contain have all added to the creation of suspense and tension in the mind of the reader. All of the writers we have looked at, in one way or another, have all tried, and successfully incorporated the basic character of Dupin into their own. It is evident that the most successful story that we have read has to be 'The Problem of Dressing Room A.' It has included all of the classic six points that Sayers mentioned about 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' and the outrà © character of the detective.

Learning Theory and Behaviorism

Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundt’s Structuralism: †¢ Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry †¢ Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word †¢ Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. Cornell university listing 1000’s of elements of consciousness William James: †¢ James studied with Wundt, but rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James thought the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as any other adaptive function †¢ Therefore, proper study of the mind is to relate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive behavior. †¢ Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psych ology: †¢ James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike: †¢ In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwin’s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental in bringing about desired outcome †¢ Notion of stimulus-response (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov: In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva †¢ His work with dogs required gathering large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dog’s salivary gland and then simulating salvation with dried meat powder Unconditional†¦. †¢ Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimu lus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR).Needs no learning †¢ Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells are unconditional Psychic Reflex: †¢ Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were harnessed and before the meat powder †¢ Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex †¢ Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is known as â€Å"classical condition† or â€Å"glandular conditioning† Conditional†¦. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. †¢ The dog must perceive this connection. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to perception of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in meaning with respect to UCS.Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the occurrence of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning: †¢ Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response †¢ The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning: The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS & UCS) †¢ However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the next CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pai n-higher order conditioning. Historical context: †¢ The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators to study the processes of learning †¢ Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade.Concepts of ‘intelligence’ and IQ soon followed †¢ Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap between animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower †¢ Industrial revolution; post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take classless societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce.John B. Watson: 1878-1958 †¢ Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences †¢ Empirical, means of the senses of implying data used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for theories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotle’s immediate cause Behaviorists in control: †¢ Reshaping human society in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism: belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon †¢ Methodological behaviors: belief that observable objective measures of behavior are better over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning: †¢ Skinner says the probability of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and error is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms: †¢ Reinforcer: sequence o f stimulus-response consequence; makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response †¢ Operant or instrumental response: behavior which bring about the consequence †¢ Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that which changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement: Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response †¢ Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying †¢ Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus; all is good and you’ll do it again †¢ Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus; decreases probability of the response to that stimulus †¢ In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative reinforcerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce.Total package: negati ve reinforcement. Probability of an escape/avoidance response is increased and the 1st response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcer: †¢ Primary: natural; one that does not have to be learned.Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst †¢ Secondary: consequence whose value must be learned through experience; come through socialization and subsequent learning †¢ Primary positive reinforcer: satisfies a natural need (food if you’re hungry, water if thirsty) †¢ Primary negative reinforcer: causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) †¢ Secondary positive reinforcer: satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) †¢ Secondary negative reinforcer: socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined: A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. †¢ Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency: †¢ connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected †¢ extinction: when stimulus no longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears †¢ superstition: one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none †¢ helplessness: perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response †¢ fixed ratio: pattern is predictable †¢ variable ratio: pattern is random Resistance to extinction: †¢ skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction †¢ variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio †¢ fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional disorders A behavioral analysis of psychological & emotional disorders inc ludes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts). †¢ Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli & train appropriate responses. Behavioral analysis of a phobia †¢ Phobia = learned, â€Å"acquired fear† o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by exposure to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive compulsive disorder †¢ Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity †¢ Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition & success at keeping anxiety at bay. †¢ Compulsive behavior may originate in two ways: o 1.Person once praised for something & now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something & thus becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict †¢ The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses & consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, & anxiety. Dollard & miller list the following: †¢ An approach-approach conflict: where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli.The greater the emotional importance of the choice & the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict: o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a film to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to buy vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store †¢ An avoidance-avoidance conflict: where two mu tually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course †¢ An approach-avoidance conflict: where two aspects of the â€Å"same† stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the company of a friend, who also tends to get loud & obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety & conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in interpersonal relationships often forces a person to create a â€Å"safe-zone† in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the o ther. †¢ Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. â€Å"were just friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distance, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression †¢ Result of a generalized learned helplessness. †¢ Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort.Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses; pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder †¢ Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment †¢ Prior environment associated w/ punishmentSchizophrenia †¢ double bind theory of schizophrenia: child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one volatile, toxic parent. The child’s behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner †¢ wrote beyond freedom and dignity – we’re already living in a behavioral society.

Communication Is A Multi Channel Process - 1660 Words

I See What You Say In the academic paper â€Å"Communication Group Structure and Process†, Ray L. Birdwhistell states that â€Å"communication is a multi-channel process.† This implies that the auditory channel process is only part of the deal. Indeed, the importance of the various non-verbal channels is pointed out in Birdwhistell’s belief that â€Å"probably no more than 30 to 35% of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by words.† A few years earlier, in 1959, Edward T. Hall coined the term â€Å"the silent language† to describe nonverbal communication and direct significant attention toward the subject. The purpose of this paper is to examine the various types of nonverbal communication being displayed in the silent classic†¦show more content†¦It will be established that although arbitrary, ambiguous and abstract, nonverbal communication possesses undeniable importance and proves advantageous to those who know it (Scroggin) . Physical appearance Physical appearance – hair, make-up, and clothing – comes to create a meaningful whole (Scroggin). Large-framed, muscular Burrows dresses up in a hat, vest and pants to exaggerate his masculine prowess to an extreme and represent the aggressive macho. By contrast, gentle Cheng Huan seems in various ways feminine. His robe is elaborate and shapeless, the body underneath appears androgynous in form. Frail Lucy wears a dress to highlight her function as both housekeeper and daughter. Her hair is untidy, presumably a byproduct of her constant chores; she has no time to care for her physical looks. Proxemics Hall, in The Silent Language, uses the term proxemics to stand for the way people communicate by their use of space in relation to other people and the structuring and of their territory. Hall identifies four distances that distinguish the kinds of interactions people have and the relationships they share during them: intimate distance (up to 18 inches), personal distance (18 inches to 4 feet), social-consultative distance (4 to 12 feet) and public distance (above 12 feet). The need for physical space differs depending on the culture, situation, and intimacy of the relationship, and communicates nonverbal messages as signs of